Quantum Mechanics

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up  $q=\mathrm{⅔}$ $u$	charm  $q=\mathrm{⅔}$ $c$	top  $q=\mathrm{⅔}$ $t$	gluon  $q=0$ $g$
down  $q=\mathrm{-⅓}$ $d$	strange  $q=\mathrm{-⅓}$ $s$	bottom  $q=\mathrm{-⅓}$ $b$	photon  $q=0$ $\gamma$
electron $e$ $q=-1$	muon $\mu$ $q=-1$	tauon $\tau$ $q=-1$	Z
νe	νµ	ντ	W±

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Prerequisite Material:

Atomic Structure

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Fundimental Particles

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Fundamental Interactions

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Classification of Particles

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Questions:

Particle Physics and The Standard Model

Quantum Physics Questions (Care of www.physicsandmathstutor.com)

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Hadrons

Hadrons are quark material. There are two type of hadron particle: baryons and mesons. Baryons consist of three matter quarks and mesons consist of one matter quark and an anti-matter quark.

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Mesons

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Baryon

Common Name	Isospin Name	Quark Structure
proton	$p^{+}$	uud
neutron	$n^0$	udd
-	Σ+	uus
-		dds
-	Σ0, Λ	uds
-		uss
-		dss

This is not an exhaustive list of baryons

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Questions:

Quarks
(Care of mmerevise.co.uk)

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Particle Detectors

• When charged particles move through any medium, such as a gas, they transfer energy to it
• This is usually through the process of ionisation (The removal of one or more electrons from an atom, leaving it with a charge).
  
  • High-energy ions transfer some of their energy to surrounding atoms, removing electrons
  • The ions and electrons produced are then accelerated by applied electric fields
  • Once these are discharged they form pulses of electric current

• Each pulse of electricity is counted by electronic counters connected by electrodes
  • 'Counts' are then interpreted as detection of individual particles

• Ionisation is the principle by which many particle detectors operate, such as in:
  • Geiger-Muller tubes;
  • Spark chambers;
  • Gas and cloud chambers;
  • Bubble Chambers.

Detectors are needed to reveal the paths of the particles produced in experiments using particle accelerators.

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Bubble Chamber

Filled with liquid hydrogen, the pressure is suddenly released so that the hydrogen is ready to vaporise. Charged particles entering the chamber ionise the hydrogen. This triggers vaporisation, so a trail of bubbles is formed along the track of each particle.

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Drift Chamber

A gas filled chamber, containing typically thousands of parallel wires. Incoming particles cause a trail of ionisation in the gas. Their track is calculated electronically by the length of time ionisation electrons take to drift to the nearest sense wires. A computer processed the signals and displays the tracks graphically.

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Planck's Law

$$E=hf$$

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Prerequisites

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Describing the Planck's Law

Word equation:

$$\text{Energy}=\text{Planck's Constant}\times \text{frequenvy}$$

The algebra:

$$E=hf$$

• where
• $E$ is the energy of the photon in joules, $J$;
• $h$ is planck's constant in joule seconds;
• and
• $f$ is the frequency of the EM-wave in hertz, $\mathrm{Hz}$.

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The rearrangements

$$h=\frac{E}{f}$$ $$f=\frac{E}{h}$$

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Related equations:

$$hf=\varphi +E_{\text{kinetic}}$$

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