Physics

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Physics Revision Websites

The following are websites that can be used to aid revision for the physics exams either at A Level or I/GCSE

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Nuclear

Prerequesite Materials:

Atomic Structure

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The atomic nucleus is the centre of an atom which contains all the positive charge of the atom and most of the atoms mass. The constituent parts are protons and neutrons.

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Nuclear Nomenclature.

$${}_Z{}^{A}X$$

• where
• $X$ - element symbol, i.e., H for hydrogen; He for helium; Li for lithium, e.t.c.
• $A$ - mass number / nucleon number
• $Z$ - atomic number / proton number - the number of protons in the nucleus.
• and
• $A-Z$ - the number of neutrons.

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Discovery of the Nucleus
(Care of mmerevise.co.uk)

Rutherford's Alpha Scattering Experiment (GCSE)
(Care of www.savemyexams.com)

Rutherford's Alpha Scattering Experiment (A level)
(Care of www.savemyexams.com)

"When we have found how the nucleus of atoms is built up we shall have found the greatest secret of all — except life. We shall have found the basis of everything — of the earth we walk on, of the air we breathe, of the sunshine, of our physical body itself, of everything in the world, however great or however small – except life." – Ernest Rutherford

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Isotopes

Proton vs Neutron Chart

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Nuclear Radius:

• $r_0$ is the radius of a nucleon (assuming spherical is shape);
• $\frac{4}{3}\mathrm{\pi }{r}_0^3$ is the volume of a nucleon;
• $r$ is the radius of the nucleus (again assuming spherical is shape and approximately true for a large nucleus);
• $\frac{4}{3}\mathrm{\pi }{r}^3$ is the volume of a nucleon;
• There are $A$ nucleons in a nucleus.

$$\text{Volume of Nucleus}\approx \text{Volume of the nucleons the nucleus contains}$$ $$\text{So \hspace{1em}}\frac{4}{3}\mathrm{\pi }{r}^3\approx \frac{4}{3}A\mathrm{\pi }{r}_0^3$$ $$r^3\approx A{r}_0^3$$ $$r\approx r_0{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$$

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Nuclear Density:

$$\rho =\frac{m}{V}$$ $$\rho =\frac{Au}{\frac{4}{3}\mathrm{\pi }{r}^3}$$ $$\rho =\frac{3Au}{4\mathrm{\pi }{(r_0{A}^{\frac{1}{3}})}^3}$$ $$\rho =\frac{3u}{4\mathrm{\pi }{r}_0^3}$$

So the nuclear density is a constant irrespective of the size. We can get an estimate of the density, by substituting in the values for the constants, of $2.5\times {10}^{17}\mathrm{kg}{\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$

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Questions:

Multi-choice
(Care of www.savemyexams.co.uk)

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Course Text Books

AQA GCSE Physics:

Textbooks
 (Care of Amazon.co.uk)

AQA GCE AS & A Level Physics:

Textbooks
 (Care of Amazon.co.uk)

Edexcel IGCSE Physics

textbooks

Edexcel GCE AS & A Level Physics:

Published Resources .

OCR GCSE

Gateway Science Suite Physics
- Textbooks

Twenty First Century Science Suite Physics
- Textbooks

OCR GCE AS & A Level - Physics Spec A & Spec B:

Textbooks & endorsed resources for spec A.

Textbooks & endorsed resources for spec B .

WJEC

GCSE Physics

other

Rovelli, C. (2015) Seven Brief Lessons on Physics, 1^st Ed, London, Penguin ;

Johnson, K. et al (2015) Advanced Physics For You, 2^nd Ed, Oxford, OUP;

Adams, S. (2013) Advanced Physics, 2^nd Ed, Oxford, OUP ;

Bennet, G. et al (2011) Practice in Physics, 4^th Ed, London, Hodder Education ;

Bennet, G. et al (2000) Practice in Physics, 3^rd Ed, London, Hodder Education;

Muncaster, R. (1993) A Level Physics, 4^th Ed, Oxford, OUP .

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